The plague epidemic, known as the “Black Death,” which swept through Europe in the mid-14th century, is one of the most tragic and simultaneously most transformative events in human history. It was not just a health crisis; it was a catastrophe that radically reshaped the landscape of social, economic, and cultural relations. Analysts and historians agree: the “Black Death” not only wiped out a significant portion of the population but also laid the foundation for the transition from rigid medieval feudalism to the Renaissance and early capitalism. Understanding these changes is critically important for assessing modern society and its resilience to global challenges.